This game is far from perfect but most of the so called 'bugs' are in fact player error in my humble opinion.
It is very important to follow the dialog when getting quests and selecting your characters for promotion. If you choose not to do this you will have problems later in the game.
There are four places where the game can get stuck. Each of these four will cause you not to be able to complete the game.
1: You mess up the dialogue with Ysra after the war council. If you talk to her first or exit the dialogue early, you do not get the Bikki quest and can't move along in the game. (The unofficial patch will correct this read about it here.)
2: You can kill the Frost Giant by force. If you do this you can not complete the quest and can not move on to the war council.
3: You forget to pick up the writ. You never get a second chance unless you commit suicide inside the ruins. If you die in the ruins, you get the capstone back in your inventory and all is well. (There is a work around for this Here.)
4: You go into the 1000 Terrors before you are told to go there. Several cut scenes get triggered at the wrong time and then lock up when you come back later. (You can go Here to fix this.)
Now for the promotions
You must make sure that you have a person on that promotion. Press the 'Z' key and check if this is so.
Scholar Quest:
Observe a Magreeb
All you need to do is see it in order to complete your quest. Just walk toward it until you hear the quest 'ding'.
Return to the quest giver.
Now you can be promoted.
Paladin Quest:
You must save the Jarl from assassination then report back to Sven he will give you more to do, when done report back again.
Then you must find and jail the thief
Next talk to his son and find him a job then report back to the son then talk to shop owner again.
Return to the quest giver.
Now you can be promoted.
Priest quest:
Find a priest for the new temple. That is all. Once you have found him forget about him. You do not need (or will you ever) to see him again.
Then you need to learn ritual of consecration.
Last get the tree of life.
Return to the quest giver.
Now you can be promoted.
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Good luck and good gaming
Klaravoyia